A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence

 

A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence:

A Brief History of Artificial Intelligence:

 

Intelligent robots and artificial beings first appeared inside the historic Greek myths of Antiquity. Aristotle’s improvement of syllogism and its use of deductive reasoning was a key second in humanity’s quest to recognize its personal intelligence. While the roots are lengthy and deep, the history of AI as we think of it nowadays spans less than a century. The following is a short observe a number of the most essential occasions in AI.

 

1940s

• (1943) Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts put up the paper “A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity,” which proposes the first mathematical model for constructing a neural network.

• (1949) In his e book The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory, Donald Hebb proposes the concept that neural pathways are constructed from reports and that connections between neurons end up stronger the extra frequently they’re used. Hebbian getting to know is still an important model in AI.

 

1950s

• (1942) Isaac Asimov publishes the Three Laws of Robotics, an idea commonly found in science fiction media approximately how synthetic intelligence have to now not bring harm to humans.

• (1950) Alan Turing publishes the paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” proposing what's now referred to as the Turing Test, a method for determining if a device is wise.

• (1950) Harvard undergraduates Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds construct SNARC, the primary neural community laptop.

• (1950) Claude Shannon publishes the paper “Programming a Computer for Playing Chess.”

• (1952) Arthur Samuel develops a self-gaining knowledge of program to play checkers.

• (1954) The Georgetown-IBM machine translation experiment mechanically translates 60 cautiously decided on Russian sentences into English.

• (1956) The word “synthetic intelligence” is coined at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. Led via John McCarthy, the convention is extensively taken into consideration to be the birthplace of AI.

• (1956) Allen Newell and Herbert Simon reveal Logic Theorist (LT), the first reasoning application.

• (1958) John McCarthy develops the AI programming language Lisp and publishes “Programs with Common Sense,” a paper offering the hypothetical Advice Taker, a whole AI machine with the capability to learn from revel in as efficiently as human beings. 

• (1959) Allen Newell, Herbert Simon and J.C. Shaw develop the General Problem Solver (GPS), a application designed to imitate human trouble-solving.

• (1959) Herbert Gelernter develops the Geometry Theorem Prover software.

• (1959) Arthur Samuel cash the term “gadget gaining knowledge of” while at IBM.

• (1959) John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky determined the MIT Artificial Intelligence Project.

 

Nineteen Sixties

• (1963) John McCarthy starts offevolved the AI Lab at Stanford.

• (1966) The Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee (ALPAC) document via the U.S. Government info the shortage of development in gadget translations research, a first-rate Cold War initiative with the promise of automated and on the spot translation of Russian. The ALPAC report leads to the cancellation of all authorities-funded MT tasks.

• (1969) The first a success expert structures are evolved in DENDRAL, a XX application, and MYCIN, designed to diagnose blood infections, are created at Stanford.

 

Nineteen Seventies

• (1972) The good judgment programming language PROLOG is created.

• (1973) The Lighthill Report, detailing the disappointments in AI studies, is released via the British authorities and results in severe cuts in investment for AI tasks.

• (1974-1980) Frustration with the progress of AI development results in major DARPA cutbacks in instructional presents. Combined with the earlier ALPAC document and the previous yr’s Lighthill Report, AI investment dries up and studies stalls. This period is known as the “First AI Winter.”

 

Eighties

• (1980) Digital Equipment Corporations develops R1 (also known as XCON), the first successful industrial professional device. Designed to configure orders for brand spanking new pc systems, R1 kicks off an funding growth in expert systems to be able to closing for an awful lot of the last decade, efficiently finishing the primary AI Winter.

• (1982) Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry launches the ambitious Fifth Generation Computer Systems project. The aim of FGCS is to develop supercomputer-like performance and a platform for AI development.

• (1983) In reaction to Japan’s FGCS, the U.S. Authorities launches the Strategic Computing Initiative to offer DARPA funded research in advanced computing and AI.

• (1985) Companies are spending extra than 1000000000 bucks a year on expert systems and an entire industry called the Lisp system market springs as much as help them. Companies like Symbolics and Lisp Machines Inc. Build specialised computers to run on the AI programming language Lisp.

• (1987-1993) As computing generation advanced, cheaper alternatives emerged and the Lisp device marketplace collapsed in 1987, ushering inside the “Second AI Winter.” During this era, professional structures proved too costly to maintain and replace, eventually falling out of favor.

 

1990s

•  (1991) U.S. Forces install DART, an automatic logistics making plans and scheduling tool, for the duration of the Gulf War.

• (1992) Japan terminates the FGCS mission in 1992, bringing up failure in assembly the formidable goals outlined a decade earlier.

• (1993) DARPA ends the Strategic Computing Initiative in 1993 after spending nearly $1 billion and falling far short of expectations.

• (1997) IBM’s Deep Blue beats world chess champion Gary Kasparov.

 

2000s

• (2005) STANLEY, a self-using vehicle, wins the DARPA Grand Challenge.

• (2005) The U.S. Navy begins making an investment in self sustaining robots like Boston Dynamics’ “Big Dog” and iRobot’s “PackBot.”

• (2008) Google makes breakthroughs in speech recognition and introduces the characteristic in its iPhone app.

 

2010s

• (2011) IBM’s Watson handily defeats the opposition on Jeopardy!.

• (2011) Apple releases Siri, an AI-powered digital assistant via its iOS working device.

• (2012) Andrew Ng, founder of the Google Brain Deep Learning challenge, feeds a neural network the usage of deep gaining knowledge of algorithms 10 million YouTube videos as a training set. The neural community found out to apprehend a cat without being instructed what a cat is, ushering inside the breakthrough era for neural networks and deep getting to know funding.

• (2014) Google makes the first self-riding car to pass a state riding check.

• (2014) Amazon’s Alexa, a digital domestic smart tool, is launched.

• (2016) Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo defeats global champion Go participant Lee Sedol. The complexity of the historical Chinese sport turned into visible as a major hurdle to clear in AI.

• (2016) The first “robot citizen,” a humanoid robotic named Sophia, is created by way of Hanson Robotics and is capable of facial popularity, verbal communication and facial expression.

• (2018) Google releases natural language processing engine BERT, decreasing barriers in translation and knowledge through ML applications.

• (2018) Waymo launches its Waymo One provider, permitting users for the duration of the Phoenix metropolitan vicinity to request a pick out-up from one of the employer’s self-driving automobiles.

 

2020s

• (2020) Baidu releases its LinearFold AI algorithm to clinical and clinical teams running to expand a vaccine at some stage in the early ranges of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The algorithm is able to expect the RNA series of the virus in just 27 seconds, 120 times quicker than other methods.

• (2020) OpenAI releases herbal language processing model GPT-3, that's capable of produce textual content modeled after the manner human beings speak and write.

• (2021) OpenAI builds on GPT-3 to broaden DALL-E, that is able to create pix from textual content prompts.

• (2022) The National Institute of Standards and Technology releases the first draft of its AI Risk Management Framework, voluntary U.S. Steering “to higher manage dangers to individuals, companies, and society related to synthetic intelligence.”

• (2022) DeepMind unveils Gato, an AI gadget trained to carry out masses of duties, along with playing Atari, captioning pics and the usage of a robot arm to stack blocks.

 

Why Is Artificial Intelligence Important?